Why isn't my Fungicide Working in my Soybeans?

A farmer noticed some yellowing leaves in the lower canopy of his field.  They were 99.9999999999% sure that it was Septoria brown spot ( Septoria glycines), a common fungal disease of soybeans that occurs in warm and wet weather. This disease rarely causes significant yield loss; however, yield losses of 5 – 8 % may occur under severe conditions when much defoliation occurs.  This year has been very, wet, so many have chose to make a fungicide application. 

 

The above pictures all show the symptoms of the foliar disease that was appearing in the lower canopy of this farmer's soybean field.


As time passed, it appeared that another foliar disease, with different symptoms, started to show in the mid-canopy of this soybean field.  The spots were much darker and were more symptomatic of a bacterial disease.  The farmer wanted to identify the disease(s), because this would explain why the fungicide was "NOT WORKING".  A fungicide will have no effect on bacterial diseases.

As it turns out, the disease that was making it's debut in the mid-canopy was none other but, bacterial pustule (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines). If you examine the lesion on the underside of the leaf with magnification, you will be able to see pustules forming and this is how we distinguish bacterial pustule from bacterial blight.

However, the Plant Clinic also examined the lesions under the microscope from the leaves that were from the lower canopy of this soybean field.  If you remember, these were the yellowing leaves, with lesions that were assumed to be caused by Septoria brown spot.  But, when these lesions were cut and placed under the microscope, there were no fungal spores to be found!  We found bacterial ooze!  The disease in the lower canopy was Bacterial blight (Pseudomonas savastanoi).

Bacterial ooze seen streaming from the bacterial blight lesion of the soybean.

I am 99.999999% sure that both of the foliar diseases found in this soybean field were caused by bacteria and there was no need for a foliar fungicide application.  Oops!

Identification of fire blight on apple and pear

Blog post by Qiong (Jane) Liu - University of Illinois Plant Clinic Grad Student

The most common bacterial disease for apple and pear during spring is fire blight. Fire blight is one the most common and destructive diseases of apple and pear, which is caused by bacteria Erwinia amylovora. The name” Fire Blight” comes from the appearance of the diseased plant tissue, which looks as though it had been scorched by fire. Usually, twig shoot and blossom start showing symptoms in the spring. Blossoms will first be water soaked and grayish green in appearance, and then turn brown or even black. Twig blight starts at the tips of shoots, and turns darker, with disease development. Shoot symptoms develops rapidly. Leaves on the diseased shoot become fully, necrotic in a short period of time, thus giving the tree a burnt appearance. The end of the branch may resemble an upside down “J” or "shepherds crook", a distinctive symptom of fire blight (Fig.1).  Under high humid conditions, milky droplets of bacterial ooze, containing millions of Erwinia amylovora, may be observed from diseased plant tissue
(Fig.2 and 3).

Fig.1 Diseased pear branch showing upside down "J" symptoms

Fig.2 Bacterial ooze from diseased leaves.

 

Fig.3 Bacterial ooze on fruit

Once we receive a suspicious fire blight sample, the first step is to confirm that it is a bacterial disease. The bacterial ooze test is the simplest and quickest way to differentiate bacterial disease from other problems. If the symptoms are due to a bacterial disease, bacterial streaming or "ooze" can be seen from a cross section of a petiole under a microscope(Fig.3).

Fig.4 Bacteria streaming observed from cross section of leaf petiole under the microscope.

After the ooze test, we can isolate the bacteria from the diseased plant material. The key to successfully harvesting bacteria from the affected area on the plant is to select freshly infected tissue. Most of the time, it’s hard to isolate pathogenic bacteria from dried out samples. Petioles, especially those that are recently infected and still soft, are usually the best area to recover Erwina amylovora from the affected plant. The next step is to observe the bacterial colonies that grow on media from isolation.

Isolation of Erwinia amylovora on Kings B media.

Bacterial colonies suspected to be Erwinia amylovora in culture can be selected for further testing to determine the species of the isolated bacteria. The combination of PCR amplification and electrophoresis is an accurate method to confirm bacterial species on the molecular level. A bacterial isolate, which has been confirmed as Erwinia amylovora will be used as positive control.  This will provide a reference for the bacterial isolates taken from sample of unknown bacteria. Sample isolates with PCR products that show the same bright band as the positive control will be confirmed to be Erwinia amylovora (Fig. 5).

Fig.5 From left to right, first well is loaded with DNA ladder, the third well is loaded with Erwinia amylovora PCR products as positive control, and the rest of the wells are loaded with PCR products of the unknown sample isolates. All of the isolates in this picture have been confirmed to be Erwinia amylovora.

For further information on fire blight, you can refer to the following links:
http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/article.php?id=290
http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/article.php?id=349
http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu/article.php?id=490